Human–Wildlife Conflict (HWC)

Why in News?

Kerala’s Forest Department will run a 45-day, three-phase campaign from September 16 to curb human–wildlife conflict in 300 panchayats. It will set up help desks, address local grievances, escalate unresolved cases, and seek policy-level remedies for persistent issues.

Description:

HWC occurs when interactions between humans and wildlife lead to negative outcomes for either side – e.g., loss of life, property, crops, or retaliatory killing of animals.

• Recognised as a global concern in the UN CBD’s Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework.

Causes”

1. Population & Encroachment – Expansion of settlements near forests/protected areas.
2. Habitat Loss & Fragmentation – Roads, tea estates, railways (e.g., Kaziranga–Karbi Anglong elephant corridor).
3. Degraded Forests – Alien plantations (acacia, eucalyptus, mangium) → decline in fodder.
4. Changing Agriculture – Cash crops attract wild herbivores.
5. Climate Change & Water Scarcity – Pushes animals towards human habitations.

Government Initiatives:

• National HWC Mitigation Strategy & Action Plan – MoEFCC: early warning, response, capacity building.
• CAMPA Funds – habitat restoration, waterholes.
• Centrally Sponsored Schemes – Development of Wildlife Habitats, Project Tiger.
• Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZs) – regulate activities around PAs.
• State Missions – e.g., Kerala’s 45-day intensive mission (2025).
• NALSA Scheme – SC-launched compensation/legal aid for HWC victims.

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