Paper: GS – III, Subject: Environment and Ecology, Topic: Global Agreement and Efforts, Issue: COP30.
Context:
India updates its climate action plans (NDCs) every five years under the Paris Agreement. Ahead of COP30 in Brazil, it will release its third NDC with more ambitious 2035 targets, reaffirming its commitment to emissions reduction and a low-carbon, resilient economy.
Key Takeaways:
About the UNFCCC:
- The UNFCCC is the UN process for negotiating an agreement to limit dangerous climate change.
- It is an international treaty among countries to combat dangerous human interference with the climate system.
- The main way to do this is limiting the increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
- It was signed in 1992 by 154 states at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), informally known as the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro.
- The treaty entered into force on 21 March 1994.
- “UNFCCC” is also the name of the Secretariat charged with supporting the operation of the convention, with offices on the UN Campus in Bonn, Germany.
- By 2022, the UNFCCC had 198 parties, and its supreme decision-making body, the Conference of the Parties (COP), meets every year.
Background: The UNFCCC Credibility Crisis:
- Failure to deliver climate justice: Developed countries have failed to meet emission targets and financial commitments.
- Developing nations, especially small islands and vulnerable states, feel ignored in negotiations.
- Complaints include being left out of decision-making and lack of accountability for developed nations.
- US withdrawal impact: The withdrawal of the United States under Trump’s administration eroded trust in climate negotiations.
- Led to a perception that the process of climate negotiations is ineffective and increasingly irrelevant.
Bonn Conference 2025 – Key Takeaways and Reform Proposal:
Conclusion:
While the country has made substantial progress in achieving its existing targets, the ambition of its updated NDC for 2035 will be crucial. The influence of climate finance on India’s commitments highlights the importance of international cooperation in addressing climate change. As COP30 approaches, the world will be watching closely to see how India’s updated NDC contributes to a more sustainable future.
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