Why in News?
The National Conference won three Rajya Sabha seats in Jammu & Kashmir, while the BJP secured one seat with 32 votes despite having 28 MLAs, highlighting political maneuvering and controversies over alleged cross-voting in the 88-member Assembly.
Description:
- Modeled on the British House of Lords.
- It is the Upper House of the Indian Parliament.
Composition:
- Total strength: 245 members
- 233 elected by States & Union Territories
- 12 nominated by the President (from art, literature, science & social service)
- Maximum limit: 250 (as per Article 80)
Tenure:
- 6 years term for each member.
- 1/3rd members retire every 2 years (continuous house).
Vacancy:
- As per Section 154, Representation of the People Act, 1951 — casual vacancies are filled for the remainder of the predecessor’s term.
Presiding Officers:
- Chairperson: Vice-President of India
- Deputy Chairperson: Elected from among members
Election Process:
Method:
- Indirect election — by elected MLAs of States/UTs.
- System: Proportional Representation by Single Transferable Vote (STV).
- Open ballot — MLAs must show their vote to the party’s authorised agent.
Voting Process:
- MLAs mark preferences (1, 2, 3…) for candidates.
- A candidate needs a quota of votes to win.
Quota Formula: Quota = {{Total valid votes} \{Vacancies} + 1}} + 1
Key Points:
- Representation of States is based on population.
- Independent MLAs cannot show ballots to anyone.
- Ensures representation of States in the Union Parliament.
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