National Register of Citizens (NRC)

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Why in News?

The Assam National Register of Citizens (NRC) remains unnotified since 2019 amid concerns over errors, exclusions, and its linkage with electoral rolls, as highlighted by civil society groups and recent political debate.

Description:

About NRC:

  • NRC is a register of Indian citizens, prepared to identify illegal migrants, particularly in Assam.
  • Only Assam has undergone NRC updating so far.
  • Prepared under supervision of the Supreme Court.

Genesis & Legal Basis:

  • Origin: First NRC prepared in 1951 after Census 1951.
  • Constitutional backing: Article 11 – Parliament’s power to regulate citizenship.
  • Statutory basis: Citizenship Act, 1955, Citizenship (Registration of Citizens and Issue of National Identity Cards) Rules, 2003
  • Political basis: Assam Accord, 1985 → Detection & deportation of foreigners who entered after 24 March 1971. It is a tripartite agreement to end Assam agitation.

Assam NRC (2013–2019):

  • Updating initiated in 2013 following Supreme Court directions.
  • Final draft published: August 2019.
  • Exclusions: ~19.06 lakh persons out of ~3.3 crore applicants.
  • Status: Not officially notified by the Registrar General of India. Assam Government has questioned its accuracy.

Eligibility Criteria (Assam NRC):

Applicants had to prove:

  • Presence of self/ancestors in Assam before 24 March 1971, and
  • Linkage documents to establish descent.

Institutional Framework:

  • Registrar General of India (RGI): Nodal authority.
  • State NRC authorities: Implementation.
  • Foreigners Tribunals: Quasi-judicial bodies to decide citizenship claims.
  • Supreme Court: Supervisory role (Assam NRC).

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