United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

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Why in News?

The United States announced its decision to withdraw from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), triggering reactions from the EU and other countries that reaffirmed commitment to multilateral climate action.

Description:

What is UNFCCC?

  • A multilateral environmental treaty adopted in 1992 at the Rio Earth Summit
  • Entered into force in 1994
  • Serves as the parent framework for global climate action

Objective:

  • Stabilisation of greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere
  • Prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system
  • Enable adaptation and ensure sustainable development

Key Principles:

  • Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities (CBDR–RC)
  • Equity
  • Precautionary Principle
  • Polluter Pays (implicit application)

Scope & Coverage:

  • Near-universal membership (197 Parties)
  • Covers both Mitigation (reducing emissions) & Adaptation (coping with climate impacts)

Institutional Structure:

  • Conference of the Parties (COP): Supreme decision-making body. Meets annually.
  • Secretariat: Bonn, Germany

Major Agreements under UNFCCC:

  • Kyoto Protocol (1997): Legally binding emission targets for developed countries
  • Paris Agreement (2015): Universal participation. Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Long-term temperature goal: well below 2°C, pursuing 1.5°C

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