Context:
The Union government has set up a High-Level Committee on Demographic Changes to study the nature, causes and consequences of demographic shifts across India. The committee will examine issues such as fertility changes, migration, illegal immigration, population mobility and their impact on social, economic and administrative systems.
- Demography is the study of population size, composition, distribution and changes over time.
- Demographic changes occur due to birth rate, death rate, fertility rate, migration, ageing and population mobility.
- India is experiencing varied demographic trends: some States face population ageing and low fertility, while others still have relatively higher fertility.
- Total Fertility Rate (TFR) indicates the average number of children a woman is expected to have during her reproductive years.
- Migration may be internal or international, and can affect labour markets, urbanisation, public services and regional population balance.
- Border States and urban centres may face special concerns linked to illegal immigration, administrative capacity and resource distribution.
- Demographic shifts influence delimitation, welfare delivery, education, healthcare, employment, housing and social cohesion.
- India’s demographic debate also involves demographic dividend, regional imbalance, dependency ratio and population stabilisation.
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