Context:
Recent analyses of National Family Health Survey (NFHS) data indicate a steady rise in secondary infertility among Indian couples, increasing from about 19.5% in the early 1990s to nearly 28.6% by 2015–16. Experts attribute this trend to delayed childbearing, age-related decline in fertility, lifestyle factors and certain medical conditions.
Explanation:
- Infertility is the inability to achieve pregnancy after 12 months of regular, unprotected intercourse (6 months if the woman is ≥35 years).
- Primary infertility refers to couples who have never conceived, while secondary infertility occurs when conception is difficult after a previous successful pregnancy.
- NFHS (National Family Health Survey) provides nationally representative data on health, fertility and family welfare in India.
- Female fertility declines with advancing age, mainly due to reduced ovarian reserve and egg quality.
- Medical conditions such as Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), thyroid disorders, endometriosis, pelvic infections and complications following Caesarean delivery may contribute.
- Male factors, including reduced sperm quality, lifestyle habits (smoking, obesity, stress) and environmental pollution, also affect fertility.
- Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART), including In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF), is an important treatment option where indicated.
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