Context
On September 15, 2026, Indian Navy destroyer INS Kolkata and Pakistan Navy vessel PNS Hunain collided in the North Arabian Sea. India alleged that PNS Hunain carried out an unsafe manoeuvre violating Article 10 of the 1991 India-Pakistan Agreement, while Pakistan disputed India’s account.
Explanation
- India and Pakistan signed the Agreement on Advance Notice on Military Exercises, Manoeuvres and Troop Movements in 1991 as a Confidence-Building Measure (CBM).
- Article 10 requires naval ships and submarines of both countries to remain at least three nautical miles (about 5.6 km) apart while operating in international waters.
India also cited the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGs), international navigation rules aimed at preventing collisions between vessels.
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1991 Naval Agreement: Maritime Safety and India-Pakistan Ties