Paper: GS – III, Subject: Internal Security, Topic: Left-Wing Extremism, Issue: Decline of Maoist Insurgency.
Context:
The decline of the Maoist insurgency in India marks a significant achievement in internal security.
- Once deemed the gravest threat to national stability, the movement is unraveling due to internal conflicts, mass surrenders, and effective state operations.
Key Highlights:
The Failure of Maoist Ideology:
- Alien Ideology: The Maoist ideology, particularly the emphasis on “China’s path,” was not well-received by many cadres.
- Lack of Understanding: Marxism-Leninism was not fully understood by the cadres.
- Focus on Marginalized: Cadres were drawn to the movement because it addressed the concerns of marginalized communities.
Persistent Underlying Causes:
- Unaddressed Grievances: The fundamental grievances of the marginalized communities that fueled the Maoist movement have not been fully addressed.
- Social Inequality: A deep sense of injustice stemming from social inequality persists.
- Economic Deprivation: Economic deprivation continues to be a major issue.
- Political Marginalization: Political marginalization remains a concern for many.
- Potential for Resurgence: The Naxalite philosophy, stripped of violence but retaining its critique of inequality, could re-emerge in a different form.
Uneven Development and Disparities:
- Uneven Progress: While India has made significant progress, it has been unevenly distributed.
- Rural Poverty: Large sections of the rural poor, especially in tribal and forested areas, lack access to essential resources.
- Limited Access: Access to land, education, healthcare, and livelihoods remains limited for many.
- Income Inequality: The Gini coefficient, a measure of income inequality, has shown only modest improvement.
Impact of Development on Tribal Communities:
- Negative Impact: Tribal communities in mineral-rich areas have suffered due to “development” projects.
- Tardy Implementation: The implementation of the Forest Rights Act has been slow and ineffective.
The government is succeeding in curbing Maoist insurgency, but the root ideological issues remain. Lasting peace requires closing the gap between high economic growth and persistent inequality and deprivation.
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