Paper: GS – III, Subject: Science and Technology, Topic: Nuclear Technology, Issue: SHANTI Act and India’s Thorium Energy Vision.
Context:
Scientists and industry experts are divided over a study questioning the viability of a nuclear reactor fuel called HALEU-thorium; while critics cite safety risks, proponents argue the technology is vital to achieve national energy goals.
Key Takeaways:
About HALEU-Th Fuel (High Assay Low Enriched Uranium – Thorium.):
- HALEU Th is an advanced nuclear fuel mix combining uranium (enriched to between 5% and 20%) and Thorium.
- Fission Process: While Thorium itself is not fissile (cannot sustain a chain reaction), the U-235 in the HALEU act as the driver to initiate and maintain the nuclear reaction, eventually converting Thorium into fissile U-233
Debate Over HALEU-Thorium Fuel:
- A recent BARC study questioned the suitability of HALEU-Th fuel for existing Indian reactors.
- The study highlighted possible safety risks and suggested design modifications.
- However, this received mixed reactions.
The Emerging Policy Debate:
- Under the SHANTI Act framework, India is pushing to expand nuclear power to 100 GW by 2047 as part of its energy security and low-carbon transition strategy. This has triggered a debate on how to balance long-term thorium strategy with faster nuclear expansion.
Two perspectives have emerged:
1. Gradualist Approach: Continue following the traditional three-stage nuclear programme designed by Homi J. Bhabha, focusing on fast breeder reactors to systematically transition to thorium.
2. Accelerated Innovation Approach: Use the innovation ecosystem enabled by the SHANTI Act to test advanced fuel cycles like HALEU-thorium, potentially speeding up nuclear capacity growth.
In essence: the debate is about whether India should prioritise its long-term thorium roadmap or adopt newer technologies to expand nuclear power faster, shaping the future of its energy security, technological self-reliance, and climate strategy.
Source: (The Indian Express, The Hindu)
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