Paper: GS – II, Subject: International Relations, Topic: Agreements Involving India, Issue: Indus Waters Treaty.
Context:
The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT), signed in 1960 between India and Pakistan, has been a crucial yet complex framework governing the sharing of waters from six rivers of the Indus basin. Despite enduring four wars and ongoing political tensions, the Treaty survived as a symbol of cooperation amidst conflict.
Key Takeaways:
Indus Water Treaty History:
The History of the Indus Water Treaty goes back to the time of India’s Independence when the boundary line between Pakistan and India was being drawn.
The details are mentioned below:
- Drawing of Boundaries: During the time of India’s independence, the boundary line between Pakistan and India was drawn across the Indus Basin, leaving Pakistan as the lower riparian.Â
- Beginning of conflict: Post partition, two crucial irrigation head works in Madhopur and Ferozepur, which were dependent on Punjab’s irrigation canal supplies, were left in the Indian Territory, leading to a dispute over water usage.
- Mediation by World Bank: The negotiations with the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) led to the signing of the Indus Waters Treaty in 1960.Â
- Signing of Treaty: The treaty was signed by Mohammad Ayub Khan of Pakistan, Jawaharlal Nehru, and W.A.B. Iliff of the World Bank and is effective from April 1, 1960.
Challenges and Measures in India – Pakistan Water Dispute:
The Indus Waters Treaty exemplifies cooperation despite conflict, shaped by geography and politics. India’s growing assertion as the upper riparian highlights the link between water security and regional power. Sustaining the Treaty will depend on balancing strategic interests, diplomacy, and conflict resolution. Since water sharing is tied to wider India-Pakistan relations and regional security, ongoing dialogue and pragmatic steps are crucial for peace and stability in South Asia.
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