Paper: GS – II, Subject: International Relations, Topic: Affecting India’s Interest, Issue: Pakistan-U.S. Strategic Partnership vs Iran.
Context:
Amid escalating tensions between Iran and Israel, Pakistan finds itself navigating a highly sensitive diplomatic landscape.
- Islamabad is attempting a strategic balancing act offering rhetorical support to Iran while maintaining close ties with the United States and managing regional rivalries, particularly with India.
Key Takeaways:
Phase of Cooperation:
- Before the Islamic Revolution of Iran in 1979, both countries were aligned with the United States.
- Both were part of the Baghdad Pact (later CENTO), a military alliance.
- During the wars of 1965 and 1971 between India and Pakistan, Iran provided material and weapons support to Pakistan.
Points of differences between both nations:
- Sectarian Conflict: Pakistan, a predominantly Sunni country, clashed with Iran’s Shiite regime that came to power under Ayatollah Khomeini.
- Geopolitical Rift: Iran became an adversary of the U.S. after 1979, while Pakistan allied with the U.S., especially after the 9/11 attacks and the ensuing “War on Terror”.
- Revolutionary Ambition: Iran’s foreign policy, aimed at spreading the Islamic revolution, alienated its Arab neighbours, resulting in a split in regional interests.
- Afghanistan Dispute: Iran supported the Northern Alliance against the Taliban in Afghanistan, a group that Pakistan had helped to form, increasing the friction.
The Balochistan Dilemma Issue:
- Common Heritage: The Baloch people, who live on both sides of the Iran-Pakistan border, have strong cultural, ethnic, and linguistic bonds.
- Oppression and Dissent: Baloch communities in both countries have been oppressed, leading to separatist movements.
- Trans-Border Rebellion: Baloch rebels move across the porous border, attacking military and civilian targets, worsening relations.
Pakistan-U.S. Strategic Partnership vs Iran:
Conclusion:
- Pakistan’s approach to the Iran-Israel conflict illustrates the intricate balance it seeks between historical alliances, reliance on American support, and concerns regarding India.
- While it vocalizes support for Tehran, it must tread carefully to navigate its own geopolitical interests and the realities of regional dynamics.
- The evolution of this balancing act will significantly impact not only Islamabad’s foreign relations but also the stability and security of the broader region.
https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/understanding-pakistans-balancing-act-on-iran-10079081
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