Paper: GS-II, Subject : International Relations, Subject Code: I08, Topic : Indian diaspora, Issue : Trinidad’s Girmitiya diaspora community.
Context:
The Indian diaspora in Trinidad and Tobago, mainly descendants of 19th-20th century indentured labourers from Bihar and eastern UP, has preserved Indian traditions like Ramleela. PM Modi hailed the 35 million-strong global diaspora and announced OCI cards for sixth-generation Indian-origin citizens there.
Key Takeaways:
1. Girmitiya Heritage
- Girmitiyas = Indian indentured labourers sent abroad during British rule under “agreements” (hence “Girmit”).
- They were sent to sugar plantations in colonies like:
- Trinidad & Tobago
- Mauritius
- Fiji
- South Africa
- Other Caribbean islands
- Indentured system replaced African slavery after Britain abolished the slave trade in 1807 and slavery in 1834.
2. Cultural Continuity – Ramleela
- Ramleela performances were taken overseas by Girmitiyas, especially from Bihar and eastern UP.
- It served as a cultural anchor in the Caribbean—“a divine link beyond oceans”.
- Trinidad and Tobago’s Ramleela traditions remain strong even today, with modern adaptations (e.g., performances in English, more inclusive participation).
3. Diaspora Statistics
- India has a diaspora of 35 million people worldwide.
- They are considered Rashtradoots (ambassadors) of Indian culture and values.
4. OCI Card Announcement
- PM Modi announced OCI (Overseas Citizen of India) cards will be given to sixth-generation Indian-origin citizens of Trinidad and Tobago.
- OCI provides benefits like visa-free travel and some economic rights but not voting rights.
5. Mapping the Past Initiative
- Government of India’s efforts to document and honour Girmitiya heritage.
- Launched during Pravasi Bharatiya Divas to strengthen cultural ties with diaspora.
6. Historical Causes of Migration
- Post-emancipation (after 1834) labour shortages on plantations led to recruitment of Indian indentured workers.
- The system persisted in Trinidad until about 1917.
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