Context: Tensions escalated after Afghanistan accused Pakistan of an airstrike in Kabul, leading to heavy casualties.
Causes of conflict:
- Durand Line (1893): A 2,640 km colonial-era border accepted by Pakistan but historically rejected by Afghanistan, which views it as an illegitimate imposition that bisects the Pashtun homeland.
- The Pashtun Factor: The border divides ethnic Pashtun tribes, fueling the “Pashtunistan” nationalist movement and causing recurring clashes over Pakistan’s unilateral border fencing.
- Cross Border Terrorist attacks: Pakistan accuses Afghanistan of providing safe haven to terrorist organizations such as TTP (Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan) and Pakistani Taliban etc.
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