Why in News?
At COP30 in Belém, Brazil, India urged that the summit must not alter the “architecture” of the Paris Agreement, reaffirming the principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR). Representing the Like-Minded Developing Countries (LMDC), India stressed a focus on adaptation, equity, and called for countries to submit their National Adaptation Plans.
Description:
| Parameter | CBDR (Common but Differentiated Responsibilities) | LMDC (Like-Minded Developing Countries) |
| Full Form | Common but Differentiated Responsibilities | Like-Minded Developing Countries |
| Nature | Principle / concept in international environmental law | Group / coalition of developing countries |
| Origin | Established at Rio Earth Summit, 1992; codified in Article 3(1) of UNFCCC | Formed in early 2000s as a negotiation bloc under UNFCCC and WTO |
| Legal Basis | Enshrined in UNFCCC, later reflected in Kyoto Protocol (1997) and Paris Agreement (2015) | Not a treaty-based body; informal alliance for collective negotiation |
| Core Idea / Objective | All countries share responsibility for climate action, but developed nations bear greater responsibility due to historical emissions and capacity | To represent developing nations’ interests and demand climate equity, finance, and CBDR implementation |
| Key Principle | “Equity and differentiated obligations” based on historical emissions and respective capabilities | “Climate justice and fairness” — developed nations must deliver on finance, tech transfer, and adaptation support |
| Members / Participants | Applies to all UNFCCC member countries | ~20 countries including India, China, Indonesia, Iran, Egypt, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Zimbabwe, Cuba etc. |
| Focus Areas | Fair burden-sharing in emission cutsClimate finance & technology transferSustainable development balance | Push for $100 billion climate financeOppose uniform Net Zero 2050 targetSupport CBDR principle in COP negotiations |
| Implementation Mechanism | Reflected through Kyoto Protocol (binding) and Paris Agreement (voluntary NDCs) | Influences group stance at COP summits, especially in climate finance and equity debates |
| Recent Context (2024–25) | Central theme at COP29 (Baku, Azerbaijan) for equitable climate responsibility | Issued joint statements before COP27 (2022) & COP29, demanding enhanced climate finance and technology transfer |
| India’s Stand | Strong advocate of CBDR-RC (Respective Capabilities) | Founding & active member; uses LMDC platform to amplify voice of Global South |
| Global Significance | Foundational principle of global climate governance | Political coalition upholding CBDR and equity within negotiations |
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