Why in News?
The U.S. decision to restart nuclear testing after 33 years breaks with decades of restraint under simulation-based deterrence and the CTBT framework, potentially destabilising global nuclear norms and escalating strategic rivalry.
Description:
Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT)?
- It is a multilateral treaty that bans all nuclear explosions, for both civilian and military purposes, in all environments.
- Adopted by: The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) in 1996.
- Structure: The CTBT itself includes a Protocol in 3 parts.
- Part I detailing the International Monitoring System (IMS)
- Part II on On-Site Inspections (OSI)
- Part III on Confidence-Building Measures (CBMs)
- There are also 2 Annexes to the Protocol.
- Annex 1 detailing the location of various Treaty monitoring assets associated with the IMS
- Annex 2 detailing the parameters for screening events
CTBTO: The Treaty establishes a CTBT Organization (CTBTO), located in Vienna, to ensure the implementation of its provisions
The CTBTO consists of 2 organs,
- Preparatory Commission (a plenary body) and
- Provisional Technical Secretariat (PTS)
Administered by Preparatory Commission for CTBTO
Condition: For the treaty to enter into force, 44 “Annex 2” States must sign and ratify the Treaty.
- Signed but not ratified: China, Egypt, Iran, Israel and the United States
- Non-signatories: India, North Korea and Pakistan
- Withdrawal: Each State Party has the right to withdraw from the CTBT if it decides that extraordinary events related to the subject matter of the Treaty have jeopardized the State Party’s supreme national interests.
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