Context
The NFHS-6 (2023–24) data highlight a persistent gender imbalance in family-planning responsibility in India. While 36.5% of women reported female sterilisation, only 0.5% of men reported male sterilisation, even as India’s fertility rate has fallen below replacement level.

Explanation
- India’s Total Fertility Rate (TFR) declined from 5.2 in 1971 to 1.9 in 2025, below the replacement level of 2.1.
- Use of any contraceptive method among married women aged 15–49 increased from 66.7% in NFHS-5 to 69.1% in NFHS-6.
- However, use of modern contraceptive methods declined from 56.4% to 52.7%, while traditional methods increased.
- Female sterilisation remains dominant at 36.5%, compared with only 0.5% male sterilisation.Male sterilisation declined from 3.5% in NFHS-1 to 0.5% in NFHS-6.
- Vasectomy is comparatively less invasive and can generally be performed under local anaesthesia.
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Contraceptive Gender Gap: India’s Family Planning Challenge