Why in News?
Ahead of COP30 in Belém, Brazil (Nov 10, 2025), only 29 of 195 nations have submitted updated Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement. The EU is yet to finalise its targets, delaying clarity on global emission-reduction commitments for 2030–2040.
Description:
- COP = Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change).
- COP30 = 30th session, to be held 10–22 Nov 2025, in Belém, Brazil (Amazonia).
- Nicknamed “Implementation COP” → focus on delivery of existing pledges rather than fresh treaties.
Themes:
- Review & enhancement of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) for 2030.
- Strengthening mechanisms for climate finance, loss & damage, adaptation.
- Monitoring progress toward Paris temperature goals (1.5°C / well below 2°C).
- Highlight Amazon & tropical forests’ role in carbon sinks.
Current Status of Commitments:
- Only 29 of 195 Parties have submitted updated NDCs (as of Sept 2025).
- UNEP Emissions Gap Report 2024: existing pledges → 2.6–2.8°C warming by 2100.
- High-end IPCC scenarios are still dominant.
EU & Other Major Emitters:
- EU debates:
- 90% emissions cut by 2040 (binding).
- 2035 milestone to align with Paris goals.
- Internal split: France & Germany seek more time before voting.
- “Big Six” emitters (~74% global emissions): China, USA, EU (incl. UK), India, Russia, Japan.
Host & Presidency:
- Brazil hosts in the Amazon region; Presidency: diplomat Andre Lago.
- Emphasis on indigenous rights, forest conservation, and local participation.
Civil Society & Public Pressure:
- Rallies under banner “COP30 na Amazônia: A resposta somos nós” (“We are the answer”).
- Demand stronger ambition & protection for rainforests.
Related Agreements:
- Paris Agreement (2015): requires updated NDCs every 5 years.
- Glasgow Pact (COP26): stressed 1.5°C pathway, coal phase-down.
- Sharm el-Sheikh/COP27 & Dubai/COP28: focus on loss & damage fund & energy transition.
- India’s stance: updated NDC (2022), Net Zero by 2070, seeks equity & climate finance.
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