Ethanol Blending in India

Why in News?

The Supreme Court dismissed a petition challenging the nationwide roll-out of 20% ethanol-blended petrol (E20), upholding the government’s policy aimed at supporting farmers, conserving foreign exchange, and reducing emissions despite concerns over vehicle compatibility and consumer choice.

Description:

• Ethanol: alcohol-based biofuel, derived from sugarcane, maize, biomass.
• Blending petrol with ethanol → reduces carbon emissions, oil imports, & boosts energy self-reliance.
• Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) Programme: Launched 2003;
  • E10 achieved in 2022
  • E20 achieved in 2025

Benefits of E20 Programme:

• Environmental: Cuts CO₂ emissions significantly.
• Economic: Saves ₹50,000+ crore annually in crude oil imports
• Farmers’ income: Increases demand for sugarcane & other feedstock crops.
• Energy Security: Reduces dependency on imported fossil fuels.

Challenges & Concerns:

1. Fuel Efficiency:
   1. Ethanol has 30% less energy than petrol → mileage drops.
   1. Govt view: only 1–2% loss for newer vehicles, 3–6% for older ones (with tuning).
   1. Experts: 6–7% real-world loss possible.
2. Vehicle Compatibility Issues:
   1. Ethanol is hygroscopic (absorbs moisture) → leads to:
      1. Corrosion of metal components (fuel tank, injectors).
      1. Degradation of rubber/plastic (gaskets, seals).
      1. Altered air-fuel ratio, affecting performance.
   1. Older vehicles (pre-2023) face higher risks.
3. Maintenance Costs:
   1. More wear & tear → higher repair bills.
   1. Hero MotoCorp & TVS acknowledge need for re-engineered components.

Industry & Govt Response:

• Auto makers producing E20-compatible models.
• Service advisories issued for older vehicles.
• Govt pushing for calibrated ECUs to minimise damage.

Future Outlook:

• Higher blends (E30, E40) under discussion.
• Will require:
  • Dual fuel dispensing infrastructure.
  • Retrofitting/phase-out of older vehicles.
  • Regulatory clarity & consumer awareness.

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