Gaganyaan Mission

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Why in News?

India will conduct its first uncrewed Gaganyaan test flight before March next year. The mission aims to send 3 astronauts to 400 km Low Earth Orbit (LEO) for 3 days and return them safely.

Description:

  • India’s first human spaceflight mission.
  • 2 unmanned + 1 manned mission approved by the Government.
  • First manned mission targeted before 2026.
  • India will become the 4th nation with human-spaceflight capability (after USA, Russia, China).

Core Features:

1.    Launch Vehicle: Human-Rated LVM3:

  • Modified GSLV Mk-III (LVM3).
  • 3-stage propulsion: Solid + Liquid + Cryogenic.
  • Human-rated for enhanced safety.
  • Integrated with the Crew Escape System (CES).

2.   Orbital Module (OM) = Crew Module (CM) + Service Module (SM)

A.   Crew Module (CM):

  • Habitable capsule for astronauts.
  • Double-walled structure with Thermal Protection System (TPS).
  • Designed for re-entry, descent and splashdown.

B.   Service Module (SM):

  • Contains propulsion, power systems, thermal control, avionics.
  • Supports CM during orbital operations.

C.   Crew Escape System (CES):

  • Provides escape during launch emergencies.
  • Validated through TV-D1 (Test Vehicle–D1) abort demonstration.
  • Ensures CM separation in case of failure.

Testing Phase:

  • TV-D1: Abort demonstration validating CES.
  • Pad Abort Test (PAT) & Airdrop Test: Validated parachute and deceleration systems.
  • Vyommitra: Humanoid flying in unmanned missions.

Unmanned Missions:

  • Conducted for safety verification and reliability testing before the human mission.

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