Why in News?
Ethiopia inaugurated the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD), Africa’s largest hydroelectric project, generating 5,150 MW. Downstream Egypt protested to the UN, calling it an “existential threat” to its Nile water security and a violation of international law.
Description:
- Location: Blue Nile river, Benishangul-Gumuz region, Ethiopia (near Sudan border).
- Capacity: 5,150 MW (Africa’s largest hydroelectric project).
- Cost/Funding: ~$5 billion; financed mainly through domestic sources (bonds, contributions), not international institutions.
- Inauguration: 9th September 2025 (first turbine operational in 2022; now at full capacity).
Significance for Ethiopia:
- Economic growth: Boosts industrialization; millions to gain electricity.
- Energy independence: Surplus power export to Kenya, Djibouti, Sudan.
- National symbol: Enhances unity in ethnically diverse and conflict-prone Ethiopia.
Controversy & Tensions:
- Egypt:
- Depends on the Nile for ~97% water supply.
- Fears GERD will reduce water flow → “existential threat”.
- Sudan:
- Concerns: Water flow disruption, regional instability.
- Benefits: Potential flood control, regulated water supply.
- Fear: Ethiopia may ignore Sudan’s water needs.
- No Binding Agreement:
- The project was announced in 2011 without consultation with Egypt/Sudan.
- Multiple mediation attempts (AU, US, etc.) failed to produce a legal framework.
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