Context: Astronomers continue to face disagreement over the rate at which the universe is expanding, known as the Hubble tension. Recent observations have refined local measurements but the mismatch with early-universe estimates persists, raising questions about possible new physics.
- Hubble constant (Hâ‚€) measures the rate of expansion of the universe, expressed in km/s per megaparsec.
- The concept originates from Edwin Hubble’s discovery that galaxies are moving away, indicating an expanding universe.
- Two primary methods are used to measure expansion: the cosmic distance ladder (local universe) and cosmic microwave background (early universe).
- Local measurements estimate expansion rate at around 73 km/s/Mpc.
- Cosmic microwave background (CMB) is relic radiation from the Big Bang, studied using satellites like Planck.
- CMB-based calculations predict a lower expansion rate of about 67 km/s/Mpc.
- The difference between these two values is called the Hubble tension.
- The discrepancy suggests either measurement errors or gaps in the standard model of cosmology.
- Dark energy, an unknown force believed to be driving this accelerated expansion, is central to this debate.
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