Why in News?
India-China Relations marked 75 years of diplomatic ties with renewed dialogue on border issues. At the SCO meet in Qingdao, Defence Ministers agreed on continued talks for disengagement, de-escalation, permanent solutions, and resumption of the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra after five years. Diplomatic
Description:
- History: Established ties in 1950, built on Panchsheel (1954). Despite conflicts (1962 war, 2020 Galwan), both maintain engagement.
- Economic Ties: China is India’s biggest trading partner (USD 118.4 billion trade in 2023–24) but with a huge deficit (~USD 85 billion). India imports electronics, APIs; exports raw materials.
- Strategic Issues: Border disputes over the 3,488-km LAC remain unresolved. Key friction zones include Depsang, Demchok, Galwan.
- Multilateral Engagement: Both work in BRICS, SCO, G-20, AIIB, NDB, advocating Global South solidarity.
- Cultural Linkages: Historical exchanges (Xuanzang, Tagore’s 1924 visit) continue through language programs, academic ties.
- Defence Talks: WMCC and Corps Commander talks seek disengagement. No-patrol zones in Galwan, Pangong Tso, Gogra agreed; Depsang/Demchok saw progress in 2024.
- Water Cooperation: Data-sharing on Brahmaputra and Sutlej resumed post-2024.
- Challenges:
- Border incursions, lack of agreed maps.
- China’s support for Pakistan (CPEC through PoK).
- Technological dependence (smartphones, EV batteries).
- Cyber threats (Chinese malware groups).
- Maritime competition (Indian Ocean, String of Pearls).
- Diplomatic blocking (NSG membership, UNSC seat).
- Recent Reset: 75th anniversary events in 2025, leaders’ meeting at BRICS Kazan (2024), resumption of Kailash Mansarovar Yatra.

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