India–Nepal Dispute over Lipulekh–Kalapani Region

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India–Nepal Dispute over Lipulekh–Kalapani Region

Context:

Nepal has reiterated its claim over the Lipulekh–Kalapani–Limpiyadhura region, while India has rejected these claims stating lack of historical basis. The issue has resurfaced ahead of diplomatic engagements and the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra route discussions.

  • The dispute centres around the Lipulekh Pass, Kalapani, and Limpiyadhura region, located at the tri-junction of India, Nepal, and China.
  • The origin of the dispute lies in the Treaty of Sugauli (1816) between British India and Nepal, which defined the Mahakali River (Kali River) as the western boundary of Nepal.
  • The core contention is over the source of the Mahakali River – India considers it near Kalapani, while Nepal claims Limpiyadhura as the origin.
  • India administers the area as part of Uttarakhand (Pithoragarh district) and maintains a military presence due to its strategic importance near the China border.
  • Nepal issued a new political map in 2020 incorporating these territories, escalating the dispute.
  • The region is significant due to the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra route via Lipulekh, and also for India-China trade connectivity.
  • The dispute reflects broader issues of boundary demarcation, colonial-era treaties, and cartographic assertions.
  • It also impacts India–Nepal bilateral relations, which are otherwise rooted in open borders, cultural ties, and economic interdependence.

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