Why in News?
A HAL + L&T consortium is manufacturing PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle) launch vehicles under India’s space-sector commercialisation model. The first privately built PSLV is expected to launch in early 2026.
Description:
Privatisation of India’s Space Sector:
- Major Space Sector Reforms: 2020 – opened satellite building, launch vehicle manufacturing, ground segments and space services to private players.
- Key institutions created:
- IN-SPACe – Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre: authorisation & regulatory body.
- NSIL – NewSpace India Limited: commercial arm handling production & launch contracts.
- Under these reforms, PSLV manufacturing was offered to industry for the first time.
PSLV vs SSLV:
| Feature | PSLV | SSLV |
| Class | Medium-lift, four-stage launch vehicle | Small-lift, low-cost, quick-turnaround rocket |
| Configuration | Solid → Liquid → Solid → Liquid; strap-on boosters in some variants | Three solid stages + VTM for precise orbit |
| Payload Capability | ~1,750 kg to 600 km SSO; ~1,400+ kg to Sub-GTO | ~300 kg to 500 km LEO/SSO; 10–500 kg class missions |
| Strengths | Highly reliable, versatile; used for Chandrayaan, Mangalyaan, Cartosat, commercial rideshare | Rapid assembly, minimal infrastructure; ideal for dedicated small-satellite launches |
SSLV: Small Satellite Launch Vehicle:
- SSO (Sun-Synchronous Orbit): A near-polar orbit where a satellite passes over the same part of Earth at the same local solar time each day.
- GTO (Geostationary Transfer Orbit): An elliptical transfer orbit used to move satellites from LEO to their final geostationary orbit.
- LEO (Low Earth Orbit): A low-altitude orbit (approx. 160–2,000 km) ideal for Earth observation, communication, and small satellites.
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