- Date and Parties Involved: The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) was signed in 1960 between India and Pakistan, with the World Bank as a broker and guarantor.
- River Allocation: The treaty allocated three eastern rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej) to India, and three western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab) to Pakistan, with limited usage rights for India on the western rivers for non-consumptive and hydroelectric purposes.
- Permanent Indus Commission (PIC): A Permanent Indus Commission was established under the treaty, comprising commissioners from both countries, mandated to meet at least once a year.
- Dispute Resolution Mechanism: Article IX of the treaty provides a three-tier mechanism: (i) bilateral resolution via the PIC, (ii) reference to a Neutral Expert (appointed by the World Bank), and (iii) arbitration by the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) if needed.
- Treaty Resilience: Despite multiple wars and hostilities, the IWT has remained in force for over six decades and is often cited as one of the most successful international water-sharing agreements globally.
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