Why in News?
ISRO is conducting Gaganyaan simulation missions, called Gyanex, to train astronauts in spacecraft-like conditions on Earth. These experiments test protocols, communication, and resource management ahead of India’s first human spaceflight, scheduled for 2027.
Description:
- Objective: India’s first human spaceflight program to send 3 astronauts on a 3-day mission to Low Earth Orbit (LEO, 400 km) and return safely.
- Missions: 2 unmanned + 1 manned mission approved.
- Timeline: First manned mission expected before 2026.
- Significance: Places India in the elite group with US, Russia, China in human spaceflight capability.
Objectives:
- Demonstrate indigenous human spaceflight capability.
- Lay foundation for long-term human space exploration.
- Support microgravity experiments and scientific research.
Key Technologies:
| Component | Purpose |
| Human-Rated LVM3 | Modified GSLV Mk III; three-stage propulsion (solid, liquid, cryogenic); supports Crew Escape System. |
| Orbital Module (OM) | Houses Crew Module (CM) + Service Module (SM) in orbit; redundant avionics systems. |
| Crew Module (CM) | Habitable space with Earth-like environment; thermal protection; re-entry capability. |
| Service Module (SM) | Provides propulsion, power, thermal, and avionics support. |
| Crew Escape System (CES) | Ensures astronaut safety during in-flight emergencies. |
| Life Support System | Maintains oxygen, pressure, temperature, and emergency provisions. |
Training & Preparations:
- Astronaut Training Facility, Bengaluru: Classroom, physical fitness, simulators, flight suit training.
- Microgravity Familiarization: Parabolic flights, aero-medical training, survival training.
- Tests before manned flight:
- Integrated Air Drop Test (IADT) – validates parachutes and deceleration system.
- Pad Abort Test (PAT) – tests crew escape from helicopter drop.
- Test Vehicle (TV) Flights – single-stage liquid rocket for abort demonstration.
- Water Survival Test Facility (WSTF) – recovery trials with Indian Navy.
- Vyommitra – humanoid robot for unmanned missions.
Significance:
- Scientific Research: Microgravity experiments in medicine, materials, biology.
- Technological Capability: Inspires future Indian space exploration & sample-return missions.
- Youth Inspiration: Encourages careers in science & technology.
- Foreign Policy Tool: Strengthens international collaborations in space.
- Economic Impact: Boosts space-related industries, jobs, and technology spin-offs.
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