Rare Earth Permanent Magnets (REPMs)

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Why in News?

The Ministry of Mines confirmed that commercial production of REPMs in India will begin by the end of 2026.

Description:

Institutional Support:

  • Non-Ferrous Materials Technology Development Centre (NFTDC): Hyderabad-based R&D institution under Ministry of Mines. Developed indigenous technology for REPM manufacturing.
  • Ministry of Mines: Approved ₹7,280 crore initiative to promote REPM manufacturing.

About REPMs (Rare Earth Permanent Magnets):

  • REPMs are high-performance permanent magnets made using rare earth elements such as Neodymium, Praseodymium, Samarium, and Dysprosium.
  • They provide exceptionally high magnetic strength, thermal stability, and energy density, making them indispensable for advanced technologies.

What Are Sintered Rare Earth Permanent Magnets?

Sintered REPMs are magnets produced by the following process:

  1. Powdering: Rare-earth alloys are crushed into fine powders.
  2. Compaction: Powder is pressed in a magnetic field to align its magnetic domains.
  3. Sintering: Compacted powder is heated at very high temperatures (≈1100–1150°C) without melting, forming a dense and strong magnetic solid.
  4. Finishing: Magnet is machined, coated, and magnetised.

Types of REPMs:

TypeCompositionKey StrengthsStrategic Application
NdFeBNeodymium, Iron, BoronHighest Energy Product; most powerful/compact.Electric Vehicle (EV) traction motors, smartphones, wind turbines.
SmCoSamarium, CobaltThermal Stability; resists demagnetization at high heat.Aerospace engines, missile guidance, defense sensors.

(The government scheme primarily targets NdFeB-type sintered REPMs.)

Applications of Sintered REPMs:

  • Electric Vehicles: traction motors, power steering, regenerative braking.
  • Renewable Energy: wind turbine generators.
  • Electronics: smartphones, laptops, speakers, hard drives.
  • Aerospace & Defence: missile guidance, radar systems, precision actuators.
  • Industrial Robotics: high-torque compact motors.

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