Three-Language Formula

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Why in News?

The Karnataka State Education Policy panel proposed a two-language policy for 90% of schools, teaching only Kannada and English, abandoning the three-language formula including Hindi. In minority schools, three languages remain, with the third language optional and unassessed.

Description:

  • Article 351 of the Indian Constitution mandates the Union to promote Hindi.
  • Kothari Commission (1964-66): First proposed the Three-Language Formula.
  • National Policy on Education (NEP), 1968: Adopted a three-language formula—Hindi, English, and regional language.
  • Programme of Action (1992): Emphasized mother tongue/regional language as the medium at pre-school level.
  • Right to Education Act (2009): Medium of instruction should be a child’s mother tongue wherever possible.
  • NEP 2020: Recommends:
    • Learning 3 languages.
    • At least two languages should be Indian languages.
    • Medium of instruction till Grade 5 (preferably Grade 8) in home/mother/local/regional language.
    • Flexibility for states/students to choose languages.

Key Features of NEP 2020 Three-Language Formula:

  • Promotes multilingualism respecting cultural and regional diversity.
  • Unlike earlier rigid mandates, it allows regional flexibility and choice.
  • Encourages learning Indian languages alongside English.
  • Supports home/mother tongue as instructional medium at early stages.

Advantages:

  • Access & Inclusion: Helps children learn in languages they understand; boosts parental involvement.
  • Learning Outcomes: Enhances cognitive development and academic performance.
  • Cultural Preservation: Protects linguistic diversity and indigenous knowledge.
  • National Integration: Fosters communication across regions, unity in diversity.
  • Socioeconomic Benefits: Multilingualism linked to economic growth and social harmony.
Steps Taken to Promote Multilingualism in Indian Education System:

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