Paper: GS – II, Subject: International Relations, Topic: Global Issues, Issue: Sudan Crisis.
Context:
A civil war erupted on 15 April 2023 between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) led by Gen. al-Burhan and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) led by Hemedti.
Key Highlights:
The conflict was triggered by a power struggle over Sudan’s security control, particularly plans to integrate the RSF into the national army.
- GDP contracted 29% in 2023–24 the steepest fall in Sudan’s history.
- Violence in El Fasher (North Darfur) escalated sharply in 2024.
- Over 50,000 cumulative deaths since April 2023.
- More than 1,400 people killed only in El Fasher and surrounding areas in 2025.
- 9.8 million+ people displaced the largest & fastest-growing displacement crisis globally
- Food insecurity at crisis or emergency levels in many regions.
- Sorghum and millet staple grains have seen massive price spikes: Sorghum: cost of 3.5 kg exceeded $40 and Millet: cost of 3.5 kg exceeded $500
- More than 80% of people in some regions face food consumption gaps.
Root Causes of the Conflict: The civil war is rooted in a power struggle between the SAF, led by General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, and the RSF, commanded by Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo (‘Hemedti’).
- Tensions escalated over the integration of the RSF into the national army, with both generals unwilling to relinquish power, wealth, and influence.
Territorial Control: The conflict has divided Sudan into zones of control, with the SAF controlling the east and center, including Port Sudan and parts of Khartoum, while the RSF controls most of Darfur and large parts of Kordofan.
Humanitarian Crisis and Displacement:
- Casualty Figures: The conflict has resulted in more than 50,000 reported deaths.
- Displacement Crisis: As of September 2025, at least 9.8 million people have been forced to flee their homes, making it the largest and fastest-growing displacement crisis globally.
Sudan stands on the brink of complete state failure as civil war fuels displacement, hunger, and economic ruin. Without a coordinated international intervention and a credible peace process, the conflict threatens not only Sudan’s future but also regional stability across the Horn of Africa.
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