Context:
According to the Global Electricity Review 2025 released by Ember (a global energy think tank), fossil fuel-based electricity generation declined globally in 2025, driven by India and China, while India recorded a sharp rise in clean energy generation.
- Electricity generation sources include fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) and renewables (solar, wind, hydro, biomass); coal dominates India’s power mix.
- Fossil fuels are major contributors to greenhouse gas emissions, particularly COâ‚‚, driving climate change.
- Renewable energy is cleaner and sustainable; India targets 500 GW non-fossil fuel capacity by 2030 under its climate commitments (Panchamrit).
- India is the world’s third-largest electricity producer and a major coal-dependent economy.
- Solar and wind energy are variable (intermittent), requiring grid management, storage, and balancing mechanisms.
- Hydropower acts as a flexible source supporting renewable integration.
- Global energy transitions are tracked through reports like Ember’s Global Electricity Review.
- A decline in fossil-based generation indicates progress in decarbonisation but may be temporary due to factors like weather (monsoon, rainfall).
- India added significant renewable capacity (solar, wind), surpassing some developed countries in annual additions.
- Electricity demand is influenced by climate (heatwaves, monsoon), economic growth, and irrigation needs.
- Institutions like CEA (Central Electricity Authority) and agencies like IREDA support planning and financing of renewable energy in India.
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India Energy Transition and Decline of Fossil Power