Context
Recently, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) warned that the ongoing El Niño could intensify into 2027 and potentially become the strongest on record, increasing the risk of major disruptions in global rainfall and temperature patterns.
Explanation
- El Niño is the periodic abnormal warming of sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean.
- It is the warm phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO); its cool phase is called La Niña.
- Normally, easterly trade winds push warm surface water towards the western Pacific, allowing cold-water upwelling near South America.
- During El Niño, trade winds weaken, warm water shifts eastward and upwelling off Peru–Ecuador is suppressed.
- This alters the Walker Circulation, affecting atmospheric pressure, rainfall and weather patterns far beyond the Pacific.
- El Niño is generally associated with a weaker Indian summer monsoon, though the relationship is not one-to-one and factors such as the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) also influence rainfall.
- WMO, a specialised agency of the United Nations, coordinates international cooperation in weather, climate and hydrology.
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