Context
The Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) has accused Türkiye of making insufficient progress in the peace process initiated in 2024. The dispute continues over political rights, disarmament and the reintegration of former militants.
Explanation
- Kurds are an indigenous Indo-European ethnic group primarily native to a mountainous region in the Middle East known as Kurdistan.
- The geo-cultural region of Kurdistan spans across four main countries in the Middle East: Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and Syria
- Their primary demand is self-determination and the establishment of an independent or autonomous Kurdish state.
- Kurdistan refers to this Kurdish-inhabited geographical and cultural region; it is not an independent sovereign country.
- Most Kurds speak Kurdish, an Indo-Iranian language, and the majority follow Sunni Islam.
- Following the First World War, the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres promised the Kurds an independent state. However, the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne omitted this promise and instead created the modern borders of Türkiye, dividing the Kurdish homeland across Turkey, Iraq, Syria, and Iran.
- This left the Kurds as the world’s largest stateless nation, facing decades of suppression.
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Kurdish Peace Process: Türkiye’s Political and Security Challenges