Context
Official data released by the Department of Science and Technology (DST) shows that private industry accounted for 51.8% of India’s Gross Expenditure on Research and Development (GERD) in 2023-24, surpassing the combined contribution of all levels of government for the first time. India’s overall R&D expenditure reached 0.83% of GDP.
Explanation
- Research and Development (R&D) comprises systematic scientific and technological activities aimed at creating new knowledge, products and processes.
- GERD (Gross Expenditure on Research and Development) measures total national R&D spending by government, higher education, public sector enterprises, private industry and other institutions, expressed in absolute terms or as a percentage of GDP.
- India’s R&D statistics are compiled by the Department of Science and Technology (DST) through the National Science and Technology Management Information System (NSTMIS) using UNESCO and OECD definitions.
- Private industry’s share in GERD increased from 45.5% (2021-22) to 51.8% (2023-24), marking a structural shift in India’s innovation ecosystem.
- Stronger private-sector R&D, in-house R&D centres, and collaboration between industry, academia and government are essential for innovation, technology development and global competitiveness.
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