Investment in Research and Development:
| Countries | R&D expenditure to GDP ratio(%) |
| India’s | 0.7 |
| United States | 3.5 |
| Japan | 3.2 |
| South Korea | 4.6 |
| World average | 1.8 |
Share of govt. and private:
| Country | Governments share in R&D Expenditure | Private sector’s share in R&D Expenditure |
| India | ~60% | ~40% |
| Other major economies | ~30% | ~70% |
National Research Foundation(NRF) Act, 2023
- Provide high level strategic direction for research, innovation and entrepreneurship in various fields like engineering and technology, environmental and earth sciences, health and agriculture.
- The Act dissolves the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB) and establishes the National Research Foundation in its place.
- Envisaged spending of 50,000 crore for five years, out of which Rs. 36,000 crore, is going to come from non-governmental sources (industry & philanthropists).
