Paper: GS – III, Subject: Environment and Ecology, Topic: Biodiversity and its Conservation, Issue: COP 30.
Context:
COP30, to be held in 2025 in Belem, Brazil, is crucial for global climate cooperation amid worsening impacts and missed targets.
Key Takeaways:
Climate Finance as a Core Agenda:
The New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) (Developed nations are expected to scale up climate finance to billion annually by 2035, up from the long-standing billion goal) will be a major focus.
- The Brazilian Presidency does not want to reopen debates on the adequacy of this amount, but rather focus on:
- Effective allocation of funds to developing nations,
- Balance between mitigation and adaptation, and
- Maximizing impact of investments.
- Brazil aims to deliver a “Baku to Belem Roadmap to $1.3 trillion”, outlining how to raise $1.3 trillion annually by 2035 for climate finance.
Developing Countries’ Concerns:
- Many developing nations plan to continue discussions on the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) the EU’s carbon tax on imports such as iron, steel, cement, and fertilizers.
- These countries argue that CBAM acts as a disguised tariff, harming trade competitiveness.
Need for Reform in UNFCCC Negotiations:
- Critics argue that UNFCCC’s consensus model slows decision-making, since even two countries can block progress.
- Example: Talks on oil and gas emission targets have prompted economic diversification in Gulf countries, even without binding resolutions.
The Future of the 1.5°C Target:
- Evidence indicates that limiting warming to 1.5°C is increasingly unrealistic.
- However, Chaturvedi argues the goal should not be abandoned:
- It acts as a symbolic and moral benchmark, reminding countries of the urgency of action
- The IPCC may recommend an “overshoot” pathway, where temperatures temporarily rise above 1.5°C (e.g., to 1.7°C) before declining through aggressive emission cuts.
Despite challenges, COP meetings remain essential for sustaining global climate momentum, fostering cooperation, and guiding the world toward a more sustainable future.
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