Paper: GS – I, Subject: Society and Social Justice, Topic: Population and Associated Issues, Issue: UN Demographic Report.
Context:
A new UN demographic report estimates that India’s population reached 146.39 crore by April. The world population report 2025 also notes that the country’s total fertility rate (TFR) has declined to 1.9, which is below the replacement level of 2.1.
Key Takeaways on World of Population Report:
| About UNFPA: It is a subsidiary organ of the UN General Assembly and works as a sexual and reproductive health agency. Establishment: It was established as a trust fund in 1967 and began operations in 1969. In 1987, it was officially renamed the United Nations Population Fund but the original abbreviation, ‘UNFPA’ for the United Nations Fund for Population Activities was retained. Objective: UNFPA works directly to tackle Sustainable Development Goals on health (SDG3), education (SDG4) and gender equality (SDG5). Funding: UNFPA is entirely supported by voluntary contributions of donor governments, intergovernmental organizations, the private sector and foundations and individuals, not by the United Nations regular budget. |
- Replacement Level TFR: According to the Sample Registration System statistical report for 2021, India’s TFR was 2.0, the same as the previous year, indicating that the replacement level TFR “has been attained” nationally.
- Fertility Goals: The report highlights that millions of people are unable to realize their fertility goals and calls for addressing the reasons behind this.
Challenges Arising from Demographic Shifts:
- Aging Population: As the fertility rate declines, India will face an increasingly aging population, leading to a higher dependency ratio.
- Strain on Resources: While a declining fertility rate can ease pressure on resources in the long term, the current population size still poses challenges related to infrastructure, healthcare, and education.
- Gender Imbalance: Declining fertility rates can sometimes be associated with son preference, potentially leading to skewed sex ratios.
- Labor Force Dynamics: Changes in population structure can impact the size and composition of the labor force, potentially affecting economic growth.
- Regional Disparities: Fertility rates and population growth may vary significantly across different regions of India, requiring tailored policy interventions.
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